Weather is the state of the temporary
atmospheric conditions at a particular time and place.
Climate: Total average of long-term atmospheric
conditions for a region is called
Atmospheric phenomena, such as cloud, fog,
rain, snow, thunder and lightening, storms and aurora
are called “meteor”. This word stood for
Combination of physical studies of
atmosphere and their phenomena is divided into two
principal parts as follows;
thermodynamics and mechanics governing atmospheric
Weather conditions are verified
by experimental methods and preparation of synoptic
maps in definite hours. It is one of the tasks for
weather conditions’ prediction.
Territorial and geographical environment
conditions are studied by results of digital data. In
fact, climatology verifies the relationship of life
and natural phenomena with atmospheric events. It
also examines the effects of atmospheric phenomena in
the life of living things, particularly human beings.
In general, important types of clouds are as follows;
These high level clouds are composed
of ice particles. Cirrus clouds are isolated,
feathery, and threadlike, often with hooks or tufts,
and are arranged in bands. If these clouds are
isolated, it seems that the weather is nice. If they
are with cirrostratus and altostratus clouds, it is
the sign of unsuitable weather.
Cirrostratus clouds are thinand sheetlike.
Cirrostratus clouds appear as a fine,
whitish veil; they occasionally exhibit a fibrous
structure and, when situated between the observer and
the sun, or stars and the moon, produce halo
phenomena. Halos are seen when sunlight or moonlight
in front of the observer strikes ice crystals and then
passes through high, thin cirrostratus clouds. The
presence of these clouds is a sign of stormy weather.
These clouds are often formed by cirrostratus clouds
and do not have shadow. Instead of the Sun and moon,
they produce halo in the sky. Their structure is in
form of white pieces and is usually appeared in the
sky before cirrus clouds. Their presence in the sky
is the sign of cloudy and stormy conditions.
Altostratus clouds appear as a thick, gray or bluish
veil, through which the sun or moon may be seen only
diffusely, as through a frosted glass. Their layers
are the same and presence of them indicates a heavy
coming rainfall or snowfall.
Altocumulus clouds have the appearance of dense,
fleecy balls or puffs. The sun or moon shining through
altocumulus clouds may produce a corona, or colored
ring, markedly smaller in diameter than a halo. Air
vertical currents in the presence layer of these
clouds produce a considerable vertical growth in them.
Therefore, these clouds are visible at the top of
mountains or vertical currents. This type of cloud
often has a lens-shape. Presence of these clouds in
the sky is the sign of unsuitable weather plus thunder
Stratus clouds are composed of water droplets. They
are sheets of high fog. They appear as flat, white
blankets. When they are broken up by warm, rising air,
the sky beyond usually appears clear and blue. They
are in the group of low-height clouds. In fact, they
appear very close to the ground. When temperature is
above zero, these clouds produce drizzle.
A layer of stratocumulus clouds covers the sky. Made
of condensed water droplets. Stratocumulus clouds
usually have a lumpy or wavy formation and produce
either no precipitation or just slight drizzle or
snow. These clouds are spherical, linear and gray.
Nimbostratus clouds, which are sheetlike and dark gray
from which rain or snow is falling. These clouds are
condensed and do not have definite shape. They cover
This cauliflower-type cloud often has a flat base
corresponding to the level at which the water vapor
first condenses. Its upper part is like a dome,
including small pieces of cotton-like clouds. They
usually grow at heights in the mornings. The
scattered pieces of clouds indicate growth conditions
by uprising humid air. The heights of these pieces of
clouds are the same indicating nice weather.
These types of clouds are huge masses like
skyscrapers. The color of upper parts of these clouds
is bluish and the lower part is completely dark.
These clouds are the clouds of thunder and lightening.
They produce shower. They often found with a cold
and active front or produced by local unstability.
They are found in middle latitudes within spring and
