The point at which a rapid steepening of the gradient occurs, mark¬ing the outer edge of the continental shelf and the beginning of the continen¬tal slope. Reference:Tarbouk, E.J. & F.K. Lutgens, (2006), EARTH, 8th edition, Pearson Education International.

    An abrupt change in slope, marking the boundary between the continental shelf and the continental slope.

    A belt of trees or shrubs arranged as a protection against strong winds.

    A broad, flat volcano with gently sloping sides, built of successive fluid lava flows. Reference : Skinner B.J., S.C.Porter & J.Park (2004), DYNAMIC EARTH, 5th edition, Jon Wiley & Sons.

    Shonkinite is a very dark (often black) nepheline syenite with over 50% dark minerals, mostly Aegirine and Augite.

    Seaward of the coast, this zone extends from the highest level of wave action during storms to the lowest tide level. Reference:Tarbouk, E.J. & F.K. Lutgens, (2006), EARTH, 8th edition, Pearson Education International.

    The line that marks the con¬tact between land and sea. It migrates up and down as the tide rises and falls. Reference:Tarbouk, E.J. & F.K. Lutgens, (2006), EARTH, 8th edition, Pearson Education International.

    A small wave that moves around longwaves in the same direction as the air flow in the middle and upper troposphere. Shortwaves are also called shortwave troughs.

    A term most often used to describe the radiant energy emitted from the sun, in the visible and near ultraviolet wavelengths.

    Any bucket-equipped machine used for digging and loading earthy or fragmented rock materials.